Composite materials are engineered to deliver high mechanical strength in a lightweight package. They consist of layers of ceramics, plastics, metal alloys and fabrics held together in a matrix. They are categorized as polymer matrix composites, ceramic and metal matrices, concrete and cement composites and general applications.

End uses include missiles, aircraft, tank armor and other defense systems, transportation infrastructure such as bridges and railways, aerospace, automotive, and sporting goods such as the bicycle industry, baseball bats, tennis rackets and golf clubs. Composite materials testing is needed to verify engineering design assumptions and product manufacturing quality.